has seemed to some, such as the American Muslim activist Hamza Yusuf,18 to be continuing the Khariji tradition. The Khariji philosophy does not sit comfortably with the diversity of urbanized Islam, and this might in some small measure explain the withdrawal of the al-Qa’ida leader, Osama bin Laden, from life in urban Saudi Arabia to the rural life of Afghanistan, where a community apart could be established. Ali had lasted as caliph for only five
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